What type of climate change research incorporates both GCMs and ESMs?

The incorporation of both General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Earth System Models (ESMs) is particularly relevant to enhanced modeling of anthropogenic impacts. GCMs are primarily used to understand the Earth's climate system and project future climate scenarios based on various emissions paths. ESMs build on this by integrating the interactions of multiple components of the Earth system, such as the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and biogeochemical cycles.

By combining these two approaches, enhanced modeling allows researchers to assess how human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions, land use changes, and pollution, affect climate dynamics and feedback mechanisms within Earth's systems. This integrated analysis is crucial for understanding the full extent of anthropogenic impacts on climate and for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.

In contrast, emission reduction studies, forecasting climate data, and petroleum usage studies are more focused on specific aspects or sectors of climate change and do not inherently require the simultaneous application of both modeling types to the same extent as studying anthropogenic impacts does.